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The Umayyad invasion of Gaul followed the Umayyad conquest of Hispania spearheaded by the North African commander Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711. During the 8th century, Muslim Umayyad armies conquered the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom.〔(''Tricolor and crescent: France and the Islamic world'' by William E. Watson p.1 )〕 The Umayyad advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided Southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon, and Autun.〔(''Tricolor and crescent: France and the Islamic world'' by William E. Watson p.1 )〕 After the 732 Battle of Tours-Poitiers, the Franks checked Aquitanian sovereignty, and reasserted their authority over Burgundy, but only later in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Andalusi neglect and local Gothic disaffection.〔(''Tricolor and crescent: France and the Islamic world'' by William E. Watson p.1 )〕 ==Ummayad conquest of Septimania== By 716, under the pressure of the Muslims from the south, the Kingdom of the Visigoths had been rapidly reduced to the province of Septimania, a region which corresponds approximately to the modern Languedoc-Roussillon, and present-day Catalonia. By 717, the Umayyads under al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi started to cross the eastern Pyrenees into Aquitanian territory and Septimania as a continuation to their Iberian conquest, but the commander failed to advance further. After being replaced by al-Samh, Arab-Berber forces seized Barcelona and the Septimanian city of Narbonne (''Arbouna'' for the Arabs) in 719 despite local resistance. A sizable number of the town defenders and inhabitants were killed in the aftermath by the victorious Umayyad forces. From 720 on, Narbonne became the capital city of Muslim Septimania, and used as a base for razzias. A mosque was established in Narbonne, inside the church of Sainte-Rustique. However, the Umayyad tide was temporarily halted in the large-scale Battle of Toulouse (721), when Emir al-Samh (the "Zama" of Christian chronicles) was killed by Odo of Aquitaine. In general terms the Gothic Septimania surrendered to the Muslims in favourable conditions for them, allowing the Umayyads to rule the region with the conditioned support of the local population and the Gothic nobles. In 725, his successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi, besieged the city of Carcassonne, which had to agree to give half of its territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. Nimes and all the other main Septimanian cities fell too under the sway of the Umayyads. In the 720s the savage fighting, the massacres and destruction particularly affecting the Ebro valley and Septimania unleashed a flow of refugees who mainly found shelter in southern Aquitaine across the Pyrenees, and Provence. Later, Munuza became governor of the Cerdanya (also including a large swathe of present-day Catalonia), but rebelled against Cordovan central rule. The Berber leader allied with the Aquitanian duke Odo, who was eager to stabilize his borders, and married his daughter. Arabic words were borrowed, such as ''qamis'' for "chemise" (shirt); ''quffa'' ("couffin" in Provence language); ''tordjman'' (translator) which became ''drogoman'' in Provençal, and is still in use in the expression "par le truchement de"; ''charaha'' (to discuss), which became "charabia". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Umayyad invasion of Gaul」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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